动效魔法——让页面活起来

目录

第 1 节 概述

好的动效像无声的导游:

  • 按钮悬停变暗,告诉你"我可点击"
  • 页面切换平滑过渡,让你知道"我在哪里"
  • 加载时旋转图标,告诉你"请稍等"

Tailwind 用三个层面来创造动效:变换(transform)过渡(transition)动画(animation)

第 2 节 变换(Transform)

变换改变元素的形态——放大缩小、旋转、移动。

2.1 缩放

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<button class="scale-100 hover:scale-105 bg-blue-600 text-white px-6 py-3 rounded-lg">
  悬停放大 5%
</button>

<button class="scale-100 active:scale-95 bg-blue-600 text-white px-6 py-3 rounded-lg">
  点击略微缩小,模拟按下
</button>
类名缩放比例
scale-95缩小到 95%
scale-100原始大小
scale-105放大到 105%
scale-110放大到 110%
scale-x-150水平方向拉伸 1.5 倍
scale-y-50垂直方向压缩一半

2.2 旋转

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<div class="rotate-0 hover:rotate-12 transition">
  悬停旋转 12 度
</div>

<!-- 加载中 -->
<div class="animate-spin"></div>

2.3 平移

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<button class="translate-y-0 hover:-translate-y-1 bg-blue-600 text-white px-6 py-3 rounded-lg shadow-lg transition">
  悬停向上移动 4px
</button>
技巧

按钮悬停的组合拳:hover:-translate-y-1 hover:shadow-xl。上移 + 加深阴影,模拟被"提起"的物理感。

2.4 旋转变换中心

变换默认以元素中心为原点,可以用 origin-* 改变:

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<div class="origin-top-left rotate-6">以左上角为轴旋转</div>
<div class="origin-bottom-right rotate-6">以右下角为轴旋转</div>

第 3 节 过渡(Transition)

变换本身是瞬间完成的,看起来生硬。过渡让变化过程变得平滑。

3.1 过渡属性

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<button class="bg-blue-600 hover:bg-blue-700 transition-colors duration-300">
  背景色在 300ms 内渐变
</button>

<div class="opacity-100 hover:opacity-70 transition-opacity duration-200">
  透明度在 200ms 内渐变
</div>

<img class="grayscale hover:grayscale-0 transition-all duration-500" src="photo.jpg" />
过渡类作用的属性
transition所有可过渡属性
transition-colors颜色相关(背景、边框、文字)
transition-opacity透明度
transition-shadow阴影
transition-transform变换(transform)
transition-none无过渡

images/07-transition.svg

3.2 持续时间

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<div class="transition duration-75">75ms 极快</div>
<div class="transition duration-200">200ms 快</div>
<div class="transition duration-300">300ms 正常</div>
<div class="transition duration-500">500ms 慢</div>
<div class="transition duration-1000">1000ms 很慢</div>

3.3 缓动函数

缓动决定动画的快慢节奏:

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<div class="transition ease-linear">匀速,机械感</div>
<div class="transition ease-in">慢入快出,物体下落感</div>
<div class="transition ease-out">快入慢出,物体弹起感</div>
<div class="transition ease-in-out">两头慢中间快,最自然</div>
技巧

界面 UI 动效用 ease-out(快进慢出)最自然。ease-in-out 适合轮播图等循环动画。linear 适合旋转加载等机械运动。

3.4 延迟

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<div class="transition delay-150">延迟 150ms 后开始</div>
<div class="transition delay-300">延迟 300ms 后开始</div>
<div class="transition delay-700">延迟 700ms 后开始</div>

延迟适合做"先后入场"效果:比如菜单项依次出现。

3.5 常用组合

按钮悬停的"黄金组合":

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<button class="transform transition-all duration-200 ease-out
               hover:-translate-y-1 hover:shadow-xl
               active:scale-95
               bg-blue-600 hover:bg-blue-700 text-white px-8 py-4 rounded-xl
               shadow-lg shadow-blue-600/30">
  立即购买
</button>

解释:

  • transform — 启用变换
  • transition-all duration-200 ease-out — 所有属性 200ms 过渡,快进慢出
  • hover:-translate-y-1 hover:shadow-xl — 悬停时上移、加深阴影
  • active:scale-95 — 点击时略微缩小

第 4 节 组悬停(Group Hover)

当鼠标悬停在父元素上时,让子元素也发生变化。这种模式很常见——卡片整体可交互时,里面的按钮或箭头在悬停时移动。

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<div class="group p-6 bg-white rounded-2xl border border-gray-100 shadow-md hover:shadow-lg cursor-pointer">
  <h3 class="text-xl font-semibold text-gray-900">卡片标题</h3>
  <p class="mt-2 text-gray-500">卡片内容</p>
  <span class="mt-4 inline-block text-blue-600 group-hover:translate-x-1 transition-transform">
    了解更多 →
  </span>
</div>

原理很简单:

  1. 父元素加 group
  2. 子元素用 group-hover:* 代替 hover:*

第 5 节 内置动画

Tailwind 预置了几个常用动画:

类名效果适用场景
animate-spin连续旋转加载状态
animate-ping脉冲扩散新消息提示
animate-pulse淡入淡出骨架屏、加载占位
animate-bounce上下弹跳提示引导、滚动指示
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<!-- 加载按钮 -->
<button disabled class="bg-blue-600 text-white px-6 py-3 rounded-lg opacity-70">
  <span class="inline-block animate-spin"></span> 加载中...
</button>

<!-- 红点提示 -->
<span class="absolute -top-1 -right-1 w-3 h-3 bg-red-500 rounded-full animate-ping"></span>

<!-- 骨架屏加载 -->
<div class="animate-pulse bg-gray-200 h-4 rounded w-3/4"></div>
<div class="animate-pulse bg-gray-200 h-4 rounded w-1/2 mt-3"></div>

第 6 节 自定义动画(v4)

在 v4 中,自定义动画在 @theme 中定义 keyframes 和 animation:

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@import "tailwindcss";
@theme {
  --animate-fade-in: fade-in 0.5s ease-out;
  @keyframes fade-in {
    from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(10px); }
    to { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }
  }
  --animate-slide-in: slide-in 0.3s ease-out;
  @keyframes slide-in {
    from { opacity: 0; transform: translateX(-20px); }
    to { opacity: 1; transform: translateX(0); }
  }
}

定义后就可以在 HTML 中使用了:animate-fade-inanimate-slide-in

第 7 节 实战:加入动效的产品页

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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>星光科技 · 智能灯</title>
  <script src="https://unpkg.com/@tailwindcss/browser@4"></script>
</head>
<body>
  <nav class="fixed top-0 inset-x-0 bg-white/70 backdrop-blur-md border-b border-gray-100/50 z-50">
    <div class="max-w-5xl mx-auto flex items-center justify-between px-6 h-16">
      <span class="text-xl font-bold text-gray-900">星光科技</span>
      <div class="flex gap-8 text-gray-600">
        <a href="#" class="hover:text-gray-900 transition-colors">产品</a>
        <a href="#" class="hover:text-gray-900 transition-colors">特性</a>
        <a href="#" class="hover:text-gray-900 transition-colors">用户评价</a>
        <a href="#" class="hover:text-gray-900 transition-colors">联系我们</a>
      </div>
    </div>
  </nav>

  <main class="max-w-5xl mx-auto px-6 pt-32 pb-16">
    <!-- Hero -->
    <div class="bg-gradient-to-br from-blue-50 via-white to-purple-50 rounded-3xl p-16 text-center">
      <h1 class="text-5xl font-extrabold text-gray-900 tracking-tight">
        智能台灯 <span class="text-transparent bg-clip-text bg-gradient-to-r from-blue-600 to-purple-600">Lumina</span>
      </h1>
      <p class="mt-6 text-xl text-gray-500 leading-relaxed max-w-2xl mx-auto">
        光线随你而变。一盏懂你的台灯。
      </p>
      <button class="mt-8 px-8 py-4 bg-gradient-to-r from-blue-600 to-purple-600 text-white text-lg font-semibold rounded-xl shadow-lg shadow-blue-600/30
                     transform transition-all duration-200 ease-out
                     hover:-translate-y-1 hover:shadow-xl hover:shadow-blue-600/40
                     active:scale-95">
        立即购买
      </button>
    </div>

    <!-- 特性卡片 -->
    <section class="mt-32">
      <h2 class="text-3xl font-bold text-gray-900 text-center">为什么选择 Lumina</h2>
      <div class="mt-12 grid grid-cols-1 sm:grid-cols-2 lg:grid-cols-3 gap-8">
        <div class="group p-6 bg-white/80 backdrop-blur-sm rounded-2xl border border-gray-100 shadow-md
                        transition-all duration-200 hover:shadow-xl hover:-translate-y-1">
          <div class="w-12 h-12 bg-gradient-to-br from-blue-100 to-blue-50 rounded-xl flex items-center justify-center
                      transition-transform duration-200 group-hover:scale-110">
            <span class="text-2xl">🧠</span>
          </div>
          <h3 class="mt-4 text-xl font-semibold text-gray-900">AI 调光</h3>
          <p class="mt-2 text-gray-500 leading-relaxed">内置传感器实时感知环境光线,自动调整亮度和色温。</p>
        </div>

        <div class="group p-6 bg-white/80 backdrop-blur-sm rounded-2xl border border-gray-100 shadow-md
                        transition-all duration-200 hover:shadow-xl hover:-translate-y-1">
          <div class="w-12 h-12 bg-gradient-to-br from-green-100 to-green-50 rounded-xl flex items-center justify-center
                      transition-transform duration-200 group-hover:scale-110">
            <span class="text-2xl">👁️</span>
          </div>
          <h3 class="mt-4 text-xl font-semibold text-gray-900">护眼模式</h3>
          <p class="mt-2 text-gray-500 leading-relaxed">无频闪、低蓝光,通过德国莱茵 TÜV 护眼认证。</p>
        </div>

        <div class="group p-6 bg-white/80 backdrop-blur-sm rounded-2xl border border-gray-100 shadow-md
                        transition-all duration-200 hover:shadow-xl hover:-translate-y-1">
          <div class="w-12 h-12 bg-gradient-to-br from-purple-100 to-purple-50 rounded-xl flex items-center justify-center
                      transition-transform duration-200 group-hover:scale-110">
            <span class="text-2xl">🎤</span>
          </div>
          <h3 class="mt-4 text-xl font-semibold text-gray-900">语音控制</h3>
          <p class="mt-2 text-gray-500 leading-relaxed">支持 Siri、小爱同学、Google Assistant 语音指令。</p>
        </div>
      </div>
    </section>

    <!-- 用户评价 -->
    <section class="mt-32">
      <h2 class="text-3xl font-bold text-gray-900 text-center">用户评价</h2>
      <div class="mt-12 divide-y divide-gray-100">
        <div class="py-6 flex gap-4">
          <img class="w-12 h-12 rounded-full grayscale hover:grayscale-0 transition-all duration-300" src="https://i.pravatar.cc/48?img=1" alt="用户" />
          <div>
            <p class="font-semibold text-gray-900">设计师小王</p>
            <p class="mt-1 text-gray-500">"用了两周,眼睛舒服多了。AI 调光真的很智能。"</p>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="py-6 flex gap-4">
          <img class="w-12 h-12 rounded-full grayscale hover:grayscale-0 transition-all duration-300" src="https://i.pravatar.cc/48?img=2" alt="用户" />
          <div>
            <p class="font-semibold text-gray-900">程序员大刘</p>
            <p class="mt-1 text-gray-500">"晚上写代码的时候,灯光会自动变暖,不刺眼。"</p>
          </div>
        </div>
        <div class="py-6 flex gap-4">
          <img class="w-12 h-12 rounded-full grayscale hover:grayscale-0 transition-all duration-300" src="https://i.pravatar.cc/48?img=3" alt="用户" />
          <div>
            <p class="font-semibold text-gray-900">学生小林</p>
            <p class="mt-1 text-gray-500">"期末复习全靠它了,灯光可以跟着时间变化。"</p>
          </div>
        </div>
      </div>
    </section>

    <footer class="mt-32 pt-8 border-t border-gray-100 flex items-center justify-between text-sm text-gray-400">
      <span>&copy; 2026 星光科技</span>
      <div class="flex gap-6">
        <a href="#" class="hover:text-gray-600 transition-colors">隐私政策</a>
        <a href="#" class="hover:text-gray-600 transition-colors">服务条款</a>
      </div>
    </footer>
  </main>
</body>
</html>

这一版的动效清单:

  • 导航链接:hover:text-gray-900 transition-colors
  • 主按钮:hover:-translate-y-1 hover:shadow-xl active:scale-95transition-all duration-200 ease-out
  • 卡片:hover:shadow-xl hover:-translate-y-1,悬停时浮起
  • 卡片图标:group-hover:scale-110,悬停卡片时图标放大
  • 头像:grayscale hover:grayscale-0 transition-all duration-300
本章小结
  • transform + transition 是动效的基础组合
  • hover:*active:* 是触发动效的方式
  • group-hover:* 让父元素悬停时子元素动
  • transition-{属性} duration-{时间} ease-{缓动} 三步控制动效细节
  • 内置动画 spinpingpulsebounce 覆盖常见场景

动效加上了,页面交互很自然。但目前的页面在大屏幕上还行,手机上一看就乱了。下一篇来解决响应式布局

目录